EXTENT OF THE UNIVERSE

 

Man thinks that he has invented so many things and there is no one better than us. Astronomy should studied by such a person and he realizes how insignificant and senseless man is in the universe.

Man defines God in his image. Since he has love, God must have love, and since he has hate, God must have hate. God must be angry because he is angry. Man projects all his attributes on to God. Eventually he makes God to even think like him.

Most of us know nothing about astronomy. Because when we study, in some books even if astronomy is mentioned briefly, they never touch on cosmology.

I hope that the write-up given below will interest you in astronomy. In the Mahabharata, Krishna showed his Viswaroopa to Arjuna. The Bhagavad Gita gives a wonderful description of the universe. It is said to be brighter than 1000 suns. Gods, demons, mankind and the entire universe appear in that Viswaroopa. It is said to have no beginning, middle or end and contains everything we know or do not know. It is called the unknowable, incomparable and incomprehensible.

It is difficult to predict the time when Bhagavad Gita was composed. Probably in the 3rd century BC. At that time there was no other literature in the world that showed the universe to be of such a large size.

To measure the enormous distance between stars, scientists introduced a unit called the light year. Light travels at a speed of 300,000 KM per second (2,99,792 Km/Sec to be exact). The distance light travels in one year at this speed is called a light year. This is equivalent to about 9.46 lakh crore km.

Even the description in the Bhagavad Gita is not enough to describe the universe as we know it today. If you look up at the dark night sky, how many stars can you see? Many say countless. But it is not so. There are only about 3000 stars that we can see with the naked eye.

But when using telescopes for viewing, the visible stars increase manifold. 50,000 stars can be seen with an ordinary binocular and about 3,00,000 stars with a 2 inch telescope. A 330-inch telescope can see stars 1200 million light-years away. This telescope is so powerful that it can detect the light of a candle lit on the moon.

Currently the largest telescope in the world is the “Gran Telescopio Canarias” in Spain. Its diameter is 409 inches. The range of telescopes can be very high, but these telescopes can only see 5% of the known universe. The rest of the universe can only be seen through radio telescopes.

NASA has sent telescopes into space so that we can get a better understanding about the Universe. It launched the Hubble Space Telescope in 1990. Based on the data from this telescope about 18000 scientific papers were published. Most recently in Dec 2021 a more advanced James Webb Space Telescope had been sent into space by NASA. This telescope is some 100 times more powerful than the Hubble and can see track infrared emissions. This is giving us invaluable data to us now and perhaps some 100,000 scientific papers would be published based on the data.  

In fact the entire Universe seen by us through all our instruments is only 5% and the rest 95% consist of Dark Matter and Dark Energy which we cannot detect with any of our instruments, but their gravitational effect can be seen on many stars. This is how we know that Dark Energy exists.    

Stars emit electromagnetic rays of light with different wavelengths. Some emit radiation with very short wavelengths, while others emit radiation with very long wavelengths. Radiation with very short wavelengths is absorbed by molecules in our atmosphere. Radiation with very long wavelengths is reflected back by the ionosphere.

The radiation that reaches us has a wavelength ranging from 0.0004 mm (violet radiation) to 0.0008 mm (red radiation). Only these are visible to our eyes. Another type of radiation that reaches us from stars is radio waves. This radiation has longer wavelengths than the VIBGYOR spectrum, but is not long enough to be reflected by the Earth's ionosphere.

These waves show much more of the universe than the reflecting telescopes. These waves created the field of radio astronomy. The world's largest radio telescope is located in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Its diameter is about 1000 feet.

Our Sun is of course the closest star to us. As you know all the planets revolve around the Sun. The Sun is 14 crore 80 lakh kilometres away from us. But that is only a minuscule distance in space.

The distance of the nearest star Proxima Centauri from the Sun is 4.2 light years away or about 40 lakh crore kilometers. Our Sun is in a galaxy called the Milky Way (galaxy means a large group of stars and it also includes clouds of dust). There are one hundred thousand billion (10 raised to the power of 12) stars in our galaxy, the Milky Way. Its diameter is one hundred thousand light years.

The Andromeda Galaxy is the closest galactic neighbour to the Milky Way. Its distance from us is 29 million light years. There are about 100 billion such galaxies spread across the known universe. The diameter of the universe as we know it is 13800 million light years.

Now, even the distance of 1 light year at 9.46 lac crore Km passes right above our head. So our minds even fail to register the distance of 13800 million light years.

As I mentioned earlier the Universe has 100 billion or 10,000 crore Galaxies. Each of these Galaxies on the average contain about 100,000 crore stars. Thus the total number of stars in the known Universe aggregates to 10 raised to the power of 23. Our Galaxy itself comprises of 100,000 crore stars. In this massive ocean of stars our sun is just an average star without any significance whatsoever.

And again our instruments and even estimations take us only up to the end of the known Universe. What is beyond this we do not know and have absolutely no means of even making a guess. Perhaps after the Universe maybe billions of light years of open space and then after that another Universe? We can only speculate on that.  

When we read Astronomy we can understand our insignificance in the Universe and it inculcates humbleness into us.  

LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE

 It is fanciful to think that many such life forms like those on Earth exist in the Universe and those have given rise to the myriads of stories about aliens to us.

Earth was once considered to be the centre of the Universe, with humans being the epitome of perfection, but are we really the perfect product of evolution?

When we do not know the facts, we tend to generalize things and try to bring them into our own thought to make things easy for us to understand. But those principles that we hold sacred may not hold for other forms of life. We tend to straight jacket life into a particular familiar pattern.

We initially assumed that earth was the centre of the Universe which is today exploded to bits by newer findings over the millennia. Today we know that earth is but a tiny speck of dust moving in space, utterly insignificant in the Universes’ scheme of things.

That is why in our way of thinking and definitions we search for life, and thus far our search has not yielded anything that can be remotely considered as life as we define it on the earth.

Earth teems with life whether it is in the steaming pools coming in from the earth by way of sulphur springs or even in the frozen wastes of Antarctica. Life started fairly recently as per Geological time scale, yet it abounds everywhere on earth.

But the in the past, earth has been radically different from the climate and atmosphere on the earth we have today. Initially it had been lava covered rock with a poisonous atmosphere, a world of oceans with bare microbial life, later a steaming tropical planet with huge dinosaurs and finally came the cave dwelling humans. It passed through many stages and life as we know slowly evolved.

Now, technically life cannot be an accident that occurred only on earth. It should have also occurred elsewhere, but mankind searches for life that is akin to it as per its definition on earth. Movies portray aliens like lizards with horrendous looking features looking exactly akin to our physical structure with a head, a torso, hands and feet.

Is it necessary for life to resemble the way we look? It may look like a sphere, or a cylinder or a block which uses other ways to move than hands and legs. Its physiology may be utterly different from us and its internal organs need not resemble ours in any way.

When we search for life, we essentially search for life as we know on earth in an anthropomorphic way. Perhaps that is why we are failing to spot life elsewhere. The way other forms of life perceive and communicate may be totally different from ours.

We use radio waves for communication, so we send out radio waves into the Galaxy hoping that if there is life elsewhere they would be spotted by them.

What if they do not use radio waves for communication and use some other principles that is unknown to us (say Z waves)? What if they find the principle being used by them is the most appropriate for long distance communication and radio waves are not perceived by them at all.

Hence, just like us, they would be looking only in the Z waves for interstellar transmission and not through Radio waves.  Similarly another civilization on another planet may be using a third principle which is unknown to both us as well as the 2^nd civilization mentioned above.

Organisms in different planets because of their evolution may perceive things differently from us and their organs register something else which we cannot. They in turn may not be able to perceive what we do.  

This may well be the reason we are not finding another civilization. We look for life forms and perception resembling our own, with also the same mistake being committed by them. That is why we cannot find each other.

It is both improbable and impossible to assume that we are alone in this Universe. Therefore the only logical explanation is the difference of methods and perception that is foxing us all. Now is this barrier of perception insurmountable?

As of today that appears to be so. Our planet is only about 450 crore years old and there would be planets as old as 1000 crore years (The Big Bang occured about 1380 crore years ago). In the evolutionary ladder, civilization on such planets should be crores of years ahead of us, yet no contact yet, so is it that the communication barrier is insurmountable because of differences in perception?  

HINDI VS ENGLISH-OFFICIAL LANGUAGE PROBLEM

 The official language problem; English Vs Hindi flared up in early 1965 during Shastri’s tenure. The central government did not handle the situation effectively and the problem deteriorated. The problem was resolved only in early 1966 after Shastri’s death and with Indira Gandhi at the helm. 

However, the tussle for language started much earlier than that. The Congress government of C Rajagopalachari made teaching of Hindi compulsory in schools of the Madras Presidency in 1937 itself. This led to an anti-Hindi imposition agitation. This move was immediately opposed by EV Ramaswamy Naicker or Periyar and also the Justice Party. There was a crackdown on people by the government and 2 people died and 1198 imprisoned. Ultimately the government resigned in 1939 and the Governor of Madras withdrew the compulsory teaching of Hindi in 1940.

The official language issue was hotly debated in Parliament and after an exhaustive and divisive debate, Hindi was adopted as the official language of India with English continuing as an associate official national language for a period of 15 years till 1965. Efforts by the government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 met with opposition from non-Hindi speaking states. The DMK led the opposition to Hindi. To smoothen the feathers, Nehru enacted the official language act 1963 to ensure English being continued to be used after 1965.

The text of the Act did not satisfy the DMK which suspected that the assurances would not be honoured by future generations. As 1965 drew near the fear snowballed into an agitation in Madras with lot of support coming from college students. On 25^th January the riots spread all over Madras and continued for over 2 months. They were marked by violence, arson, looting, Police firing and Lathi charges. The Congress government of Madras called in the army which resulted in 70 deaths of the people. Finally, the PM Lal Bahadur Shastri gave an assurance that English would continue to be used as the official language as long as the non Hindi speaking states wanted.

This language agitation led to the fall of the Congress and the DMK came to power in the 1967 elections. Thereafter the Congress could never get back in Tamilnadu. Finally in 1967, Indira Gandhi amended the Official Languages Act in 1967 and brought in a provision in it that which said that both Hindi and English would be continued to be used as official languages indefinitely.

THE KOREAN WAR.

 

The cold war precipitated wars and proxy wars between USA and the Soviet Union on many occasions. One of the oldest direct confrontations between them was the Korean War. It was a meaningless exercise that killed 6 million people and achieved precisely nothing.

It was fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. It began in 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea.

North Korea was supported by the Soviet Union and China while South Korea was supported by the USA and its allies.

After the World War II ended in 1945, USA and USSR divided Korea along the 38^th parallel into 2 zones of occupation. North Korea was administered by Russia while South Korea was administered by the USA.  Due to cold war tensions the two zones became 2 different countries North Korea & South Korea. While the North was Communist, the South was a Democracy. Now neither of these countries accepted the border between them.

When North Korea invaded South Korea, the UN denounced the invasion and authorized the formation of a United Command for fighting North Korea. The Soviet Union was then boycotting the UN as it recognized Taiwan as the real China and mainland China was not recognised by it. So China had no representation at the UN and Russia was boycotting it as said earlier. Finally 21 countries provided the UN force with US accounting for 90% of the share.

After the first 2 months of war, the South Korean and the UN forces were on the point of defeat by North Korea. Then a risky amphibious offensive saved the day for them. The USA now wanted to forcibly unify Korea. The UN forces then entered North Korea and rapidly advanced towards the Yalu river which is the border between North Korea and China. The Chinese forces then crossed the Yalu river and entered the war in Oct 1950.

The UN forces then retreated from North Korea and the Chinese forces were in South Korea by December. Seoul was captured by the Chinese 4 times and was lost by them. And the Communist forces wee pushed back to where the war was started near to the 38^th parallel. North Korea was then subjected to a massive bombing campaign by the US.

By early 1953, both Washington and Beijing clearly wanted an armistice, having tired of the economic burdens, military losses, political and military constraints, worries about an expanded war, and pressure from allies and the world community to end the stalemated conflict.

The fighting ended in July 1953 when an armistice agreement was signed. The war had 3 million war casualties and a higher civilian death toll than World War II. It resulted in destruction of all of Koreas major cities. There were mass killings of tens of thousands of suspected Communists by South Korea and torture and starvation of POW’s by North Korea.

Total Civilian deaths in the war are between 2 to 3 million. Total Military deaths 3 million. So a total of 6 million people died in the Korean War. And after all that carnage, the situation remained as it was before the war. So all those 6 million people have died for nothing.

 

KESAVANANDA BHARATHI CASE & LATER DEVELOPMENTS LEADING TO COLLEGIUM

 

The power to change the constitution lies in article 368.

The Constitution establishes the legislative authority of the central government and the state legislatures within their respective spheres of influence.

However, this authority is not unchecked and may be challenged in a court. The judiciary has the authority to determine whether a law is constitutionally valid and it can even abolish any statute that violates it. However, the courts have no power to tell the Government to pass any law, but they can advise the Government to do so.  

To prove its power, the Parliament has passed a number of constitutional modifications. The 24^th constitutional amendment passed in 1971 modified article 368 & article 13 of the constitution allowing the Parliament to unilaterally amend fundamental rights without any check.

This amendment overturns the ruling of the SC in the Golaknath & Ors Vs the State of Punjab case in 1967 that Parliament cannot in any way limit fundamental rights. In the Golaknath case a bench of 11 justices of the SC heard the case.

The Golaknath family owned 500 acres of land in Punjab. The government brought in land ceiling and of the 500 acres, it was said that only 30 acres each can be held by the two Golaknath brothers, and some would go to the tenants and the rest of the land would be declared surplus, and would go to the state. The Land Ceiling Act was placed in schedule number 9 of the Constitution, making it unchallengeable in a court of law. The Golaknath family contested the matter on abrogation of fundamental rights in court and it finally reached the Supreme Court. A constitutional bench of 11 judges heard this case and ruled that the act was invalid by a thin majority of 6 to 5. The then Chief Justice was Koka Subbarao who headed the Bench.

To get around this judgment and assert its powers, the Constitution's 24^th amendment was brought in by Indira Gandhi.  

The decision of the Golaknath case was reiterated in the Kesavananda Bharati Vs the state of Kerala case in 1970 where a 13-judge constitutional bench again by a thin majority of 7 to 6 ruled that Parliament cannot amend the basic character of the constitution. The then Chief Justice S.M.Sikri headed the bench.

However, in this judgment, the SC upheld the constitutionality of Article 31C, which implied that amendments seeking to implement the Directive principles that do not affect the basic structure of the constitution shall not be subjected to judicial review.

The very next day of this judgment by the SC, 3 of the senior most justices who favored the judgment Justices A N Grover, H.R.Khanna & J M Shelat have been bypassed by Indira Gandhi and Justice AN Ray the 4^th senior most after them who opposed the majority judgment was appointed as the Chief Justice of India. After this was done, all the 3 bypassed justices as well as the CJ Justice S.M. Sikri who headed the bench resigned.   

Perhaps looking to the attempts of the state to gain absolute and unquestionable powers over the judiciary, the judiciary slowly brought in the collegium system. Such a system was not enshrined anywhere in the constitution; nevertheless perhaps giving unbridled power to the center can end in a disaster for the country. The Parliament certainly has the power to legislate, but if that power is made absolute and unquestionable then one day, a one-sided dictatorship may come in and snuff out Democracy in the country. If the judiciary is in the hands of the Government then one cannot even oppose it on anything.

The Constitution certainly does not give such unbridled power to anyone. Considering this aspect perhaps a Collegium system is not bad for the country. But that system has to be refined to purge it of its current defects. Otherwise, it is worse than political leaders appointing it.  

QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT & QUANTUM COMPUTING.

Formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, the UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE states that we cannot know both the position and speed of a particle, such as a photon or electron, with perfect accuracy; the more we nail down the particle's position, the less we know about its speed and vice versa.

A similar uncertainty principle also applies to problems in pure math and classical physics—basically, any object with wave-like properties will be affected by this principle. Quantum objects are special because they all exhibit wave-like properties by the very nature of quantum theory.

Quantum law comes into play in the quantum world because subatomic particles can behave like waves. A common misconception about the uncertainty principle in quantum physics is that it implies our measurements are uncertain or inaccurate. But that is not so at the macroscopic level. In fact, uncertainty is an inherent aspect of anything with wave-like behaviour which the sub atomic particles have.

Now firstly Quantum theory is applicable for microscopic particles. There is a phenomenon known as QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT.

Quantum Entanglement is an amazing phenomenon by which two microscopic particles at a massive distance which may even be billions of light years apart are linked in such a way that a change in one particle reflects in the other instantaneously. Now this does not get affected by the distance involved. This actually defies the theory of Einstein that nothing can travel faster than light because the change is instantaneous irrespective of the distance involved.  Einstein called this phenomenon spooky.

QUANTUM COMPUTING: This branch of computer science is based on the principles of the superposition of matter and quantum entanglement and uses a different computation method from the traditional one. In theory, it would be able to store many more states per unit of information and operate with much more efficient algorithms at the numerical level.

In a binary world consisting of ones and zeros, quantum computers would be like the Albert Einstein of computing, with extraordinary electronic brains capable of completing tasks that would be almost impossible for ordinary computers to handle. 

The multinational IBM will be the first to market this wondrous technology with the Q System One, a 3x3-metre glass cube with 20 cubits presented in 2019. IBM revealed a bigger quantum computer consisting of 53 cubits in 2019 itself. 

KAMALADEVI RANI OF COOCHBIHAR

 

Earlier, I wrote a note on Sitadevi, the Maharani of Baroda. She was the youngest of the 3 daughters of Raja Rao Venkata Surya Rao of Pithapuram. The elder daughter Kamaladevi also got married into another Princely state of Cooch Bihar in West Bengal which is adjoining Bhutan.

                                              COOCH BEHAR PALACE

                                        INDRAJITENDRA & KAMALADEVI

She married Indrajitendra Narayan the 2^nd son of the Maharaja of Cooch Bihar born to Indira Raje, the Princess of Baroda. Of course Kamaladevi did not lead the hectic and glamorous life of her younger sister Sitadevi and was steadier in her life despite a tragedy striking her at an early age which took away her husband. Unfortunately for her, Indrajitendra Narayan died at a very young age of 33.

Her mother-in-law and the mother of Indrajitendra  Narayan was Princess Indira Raje of Baroda. Indira Raje's marriage was initially fixed with Madho Rao Scindia (Grandfather of Madhavrao Scindia) of Gwalior, but when the marriage was fixed she wrote to him saying that she did not want to marry him and the marriage was called off. For that time in Princely houses that was a daring act by her.

                                                         INDIRA RAJE

She later married the 2^nd son of the Raja of Cooch Bihar Jitendra Narayan who became King later as his elder brother died at an early age probably due to overconsumption which was the wont of that Princely house.

Her parents initially did not consent to the marriage at home as they considered Jitendra Narayan as a reckless playboy. Still, Indira Raje was adamant and they finally reluctantly consented to their marriage in London. They married in London under the rites of the Brahmo Samaj which is followed by Jitendra Narayan's mother Rani Sunita Devi. Sunita Devi was none other than the daughter of Keshub Chandra Sen, the religious reformer from Bengal. None of Indira Devi’s relations were present at the marriage.  

Jitendra Narayan too died at an early age and Indira Raje was forced to look after the affairs of the state till her elder son attained majority. She had 2 sons of which Indrajitendra Narayan was the younger.  

Indira Raje also had 3 daughters of whom the eldest Ila, married a Prince of Tripura. Her son married actress Moon Moon Sen. The next was Gayatri Devi who married Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur and was a glamorous Princess. The third was Menaka who married the Raja of Dewas.  

                                           MAHARANI GAYATRI DEVI

It is most unfortunate that the Princes and Maharajas of Cooch Behar died of over consumption. 

JAMINDARI REVOLTS ON THE BRITISH IN ANDHRA PRADESH.

 ఈ మధ్యనే సైరా నరసింహారెడ్డి సినిమా విడుదల అయ్యింది. అందులో ఆయన మొదటి స్వతంత్ర పోరాటం చేసాడు అని చెప్పబడింది. నరసింహారెడ్డి  బ్రిటిష్ వారి మధ్య యుద్ధం 1848  సంవత్సరం లో అయ్యింది. కానీ ఆయనకంటే ముందే బ్రిటిష్ వారితో పోరాటం సలిపిన అనేక భారతీయులు ఆంధ్ర దేశీయులు, తెలుగువారు ఉన్నారు. అందులో ముఖ్యుడు అయిన వీరపాండ్య కట్టబొమ్మన్ పేరు మీరు వినే ఉంటారు. కట్టబొమ్మన్ ను బ్రిటిష్ వారు మొదటి పాళెగార్    యుద్ధంలో 1800  సంవత్సరంలో ఓడించారు. విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యం లోని జమిందార్,రాజా లను పాళెగార్ అని పిలిచేవారు. ఈ విషయం మీద నేను ఇంకొక నోట్ రాసాను. ఇది దాని మీద రెండవ నోట్. ఇందులో ఆంధ్ర దేశంలో బ్రిటిష్ వారితో జరిగిన మొదటి ముఖ్య తిరుగుబాటులను గురించి రాస్తున్నాను. సైరా సినిమా విడుదల కాగానే  నారయ్యప్పారావు గారి మీద ఒక వీడియో సోషల్ మీడియా లో వచ్చింది. అందుకే ఈ రెండో నోట్ రాద్దాము అని నాకు అనిపించింది. 

నూజివీడు రాజా మేకా రంగయ్యప్పారావు గారి తిరుగుబాటు.

 కట్టబొమ్మన్ కంటే కూడా ముందు 1778-83  లో నూజివీడు రాజా అయిన మేకా నారయ్యప్పారావు గారు బ్రిటిష్ వారి మీద తిరుగుబాటు చేసారు. బ్రిటిష్ వారు మొదటిగా నారాయప్పరావు గారి  పూర్వీకులు అయిన వెంకయ్య అప్పారావు గారి నుండి దివి పరగానా కు చెందిన బందరు లో కోట కట్టుకొనుటకై అనుమతి పొందారు. వారు క్రమముగా బలవంతులు అయ్యి నిజాం నుండి ఉత్తర circar లు  పొందారు. బ్రిటిష్ వారి బలము పెరగడం వలన వారు సహజంగా జమీందారులు మీద సామంత రాజులు మీద తమ ఆధిపత్యం అధికంగా ప్రకటించటం మొదలు పెట్టారు.

 దానితో అసమ్మతిఁ చెంది కొంత మంది జమీందారులు తిరుగుబాటు చేసారు. అందులో ముందు 1778-83  సంవత్సరంలో నారయ్యప్పారావు గారు, తరువాత 1794  లో విజయనగర రాజు  అయిన  చిన విజయరామరాజు చేసిన తిరుగుబాట్లు పెద్దవి.

 బ్రిటిష్ వారు బలపడి కొంత కాలం తరువాత నూజివీడు సంస్థానం స్వాధీనపరచుకొనుటకు చూసిరి. అది సహించక నారయ్యప్పారావు గారు బ్రిటిష్ వారికి  కప్పము కట్టడం నిలిపివేసిరి. అందుకు కోపించి బ్రిటిష్ వారు 1783  సంవత్సరంలో కల్నల్ మౌంట్ గోమరీ నాయకత్వంలో నూజివీడు కోటను ముట్టడించిరి.అయన క్రింద ఇద్దరు మేజర్ లు, ఆరుగురు lieutenant లు బ్రిటిష్ సేనలను నడిపిరి.  

 బ్రిటిష్ దళాలు 21  రోజులు కోటను ముట్టడించి ఉన్నాయి. కానీ వారు కోటను ఆక్రమించటానికి వెనుకాడారు ఎందుకంటే దగ్గరలోనే పాల్వంచ జమీందారు అయిన రామచంద్ర అశ్వారావు గారు సేనతో నూజివీడు కు సహకరించడానికి సిద్ధంగా ఉన్నారు అని వారికి తెలిసింది. ఒకవేళ కోటను ఆక్రమించటానికి ప్రయత్నం చేస్తే  వెనుకనుండి పాల్వంచ సేనలు తమను ముట్టడిస్తాయి అని, అప్పుడు తాము రెండు సైన్యాల మధ్య చిక్కుకుని అపార నష్టం పొందుతాము అని వారికి అనిపించింది..

 21  వ రోజున నారయ్యప్పారావు గారు కోటలో సభ జరిపి సమాలోచన చేసిరి. అప్పటికి బొబ్బిలి యుద్ధం జరిగి కేవలం 26  సంవత్సరాల కాలం మాత్రమే అయ్యింది. అక్కడ జరిగిన ప్రాణ నష్టం అందరి మదిలోను మెదిలింది. బ్రిటీష్ వారిని ముట్టడిస్తే అపార ప్రాణ నష్టం తప్పదు అని చెప్పి, వారికి లొంగకుండా కోటలో నుండి తప్పుకొనుట మంచిది అని నిర్ణయానికి వచ్చారు. తరువాతి రోజు తెల్లవారుజామున వ్యూహం ప్రకారం కోట పశ్చిమ గోడను ఫిరంగి తో ఛేదించి 10 ,000  మంది వెంట రాగా నారయ్యప్పారావు గారు బ్రిటిష్ సేనలను చీల్చుకుని Sunkollu  అడవి ని చేరి, అక్కడ ఉన్న రామచంద్ర అశ్వారావు గారి సేనతో కలిసి భద్రాచలం ప్రాంతానికి వెడలిరి. ఈ పోరాటం లో ఒక బ్రిటిష్ lieutenant మరియు 194  మంది బ్రిటిష్ సైనికులు మరణించారు.

 భద్రాచలం కొండ ప్రాంతం అవటం వలన, ప్రజలు నారయ్యపారావు గారు, అశ్వారావు గార్ల పక్షం అందటం వలన బ్రిటిష్ వారు ఆయనను ఏమీ చేయలేకపోయారు. చివరికి రాజముండ్రి కలెక్టర్, మైలవరం జమీందార్లు వారితో మంతనాలు సలిపి రాజీకి తెచ్చి నారయ్యపారావు గారి కుమారుడు అయిన వెంకట నరసింహ అప్పారావు ( ధర్మ అప్పారావు)  గారికి  సంస్థానం అప్పగించిరి. ఈయనకు లార్డ్ క్లయివ్ స్వయంగా శాశ్వత sannadu ( సంస్థానాన్ని పాలించడానికి అధికారం  )  ఇచ్చెను. 

  

విజయనగర రాజా చిన విజయరామరాజు తిరుగుబాటు.

 తరువాతి పోరాటం విజయనగర సంస్థానం నుండి జరిగింది. ముందుగా తండ్రి మరణించే సమయానికి చిన విజయరామరాజు చిన్న బాలుడు కావటం వలన అతని సవతి అన్న అయిన సీతారామరాజు జమిందారికి దివాన్ అయ్యి పాలించాడు  ఆతను మహా క్రూరుడు.  1759 -68  మధ్య ఉన్న అరాజక పరిస్థితులు ఆధారంగా చేసుకుని అతను గంజాం, విశాఖపట్నం (ప్రస్తుత విశాఖపట్నం, విజయనగరం, శ్రీకాకుళం జిల్లాలు ) జిల్లాల లోని అందరు జమిందారులను ఓడించి కారాగారంలో బంధించి నిరంకుశంగా పాలన చేసాడు. అప్పటికి కేవలం గంజాం జిల్లాలోనే ఏకంగా 35 ,000  మంది సైన్యం, 34 కోటలు కలిగిన 20  మంది జమీందార్లు ఉన్నారు. అందులో పర్లాకిమిడి, ఘున్సూర్, మొహిరి, ప్రతాపగిరి జమీందార్లు అనేక పర్యాయాలు బ్రిటిష్ వారి మీద తిరుగుబాటు చేసారు. వారందిరినీ సీతారామరాజు ఓడించాడు.

 సీతారామరాజు పాలన ను ప్రజలు కూడా ఏవగించుకున్నారు. విజయనగర బలం పెరిగి 1768  సంవత్సరానికి విజయనగర జమిందారును కాదని పాలించడం బ్రిటిష్ వారికి కష్టం అయిపొయింది. చిన విజయరామరాజు పెద్దవాడు అయ్యి సీతారామరాజు ని దివాన్ పదవి నుండి తొలగించాడు. దానికి కోపగించి సీతారామరాజు బ్రిటిష్ వారితో చేతులు కలిపాడు.

 బ్రిటిష్ వారు విజయనగర peshcus  పెంచడానికి, విజయనగర సైన్యాన్ని తగ్గించడానికి వారు బాకీ పడ్డ 8 .50 .000  peshcush  రొక్కం వసూలు చేయడానికి ప్రయత్నించారు. తాను బ్రిటిష్ వారికి peshcush  బాకీ పడలేదు అని విజయనగర జమీందారు నిరూపించాడు కానీ అది లెక్కపెట్టకుండా బ్రిటిష్ వారు విజయనగరాన్ని ఆక్రమించారు. కానీ జమీందారు మీద భక్తి ఉన్న రైతులు బ్రిటిష్ వారికి శిస్తు కట్టడానికి నిరాకరించారు. దానితో బ్రిటిష్ వారు జమిందారుకు నెలకు 1200 రూపాయలు పెన్షన్ గా నిర్ణయించి జమిందారును మచిలీపట్టణం వెళ్లిపోవలసింది గా ఆదేశించారు. జమీందారు ఆ ఆదేశాలు మన్నించక 1794  సంవత్సరం లో బ్రిటీష్ వారితో పద్మనాభం దగ్గర యుద్ధం చేసి వధించ పడ్డాడు.

 జమీందారు మరణం తరువాత జమీందారు కొడుకు అయిన నారాయణబాబు విశాఖ మన్యం లోని మక్కువ ప్రాంతం లో తల దాచుకున్నాడు. అక్కడ అతనికి కొండ దొరలు, భక్తులు అయిన సర్దారులు తోడ్పడ్డారు. 1802 సంవత్సరంలో నారాయణబాబు కు బ్రిటిష్ వారికి సంధి జరిగింది. దాని ప్రకారం నారాయణబాబు బ్రిటిష్ వారికి 6 ,00 ,000  రూపాయలు peshcush  చెల్లించాడు. బ్రిటిష్ వారు నారాయణబాబు కు అతని సంస్థానం తిరిగి ఇచ్చారు.